![]() Napoleon reached Paris again at 5.30 in the morning of June 21. ![]() His “memoirs” may, as some believe, have been written by someone else, but they nonetheless remain close to the truth, at least as regards his double-dealing character. David Markham, the person chiefly responsible for forcing Napoleon to abdicate was Joseph Fouché, Duke of Otranto (1759-1820), and Minister of Police. He lives in Olympia, Washington, U.S.A.Īlthough much has been written about Napoleon's return from the island of Elba and his seizure of power, campaign preparations and catastrophic defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, little has been written about what happened afterwards, namely his abdication and final surrender to the British.įor J. ![]() The author is a distinguished Napoleonic scholar and biographer, and the Executive Vice President of the International Napoleonic Society. ![]()
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